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Understanding the Heat Dome Over Europe

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Europe is currently facing an intense heat wave for the second time this year. This phenomenon is causing temperatures to soar to near-record highs in countries like Britain, Spain, and France. This weather pattern is driven by a meteorological phenomenon known as a ‘heat dome.’

A heat dome occurs when a strong area of high pressure forms high in the atmosphere, trapping heat in a region for several days or even longer. These systems are not limited to Europe but can happen globally.

The Royal Meteorological Society, based in Reading, England, explains that a heat dome functions like a lid on a pot. High pressure prevents air from rising, reducing cloud formation. With fewer clouds, sunlight more directly heats the ground, leading to increasing temperatures day after day.

France’s national weather agency, Météo-France, adds that such high-pressure systems can block or redirect incoming weather fronts. This results in persistent conditions characterized by minimal cloud cover and low precipitation.

A woman in Spain shielding herself from the sun
A woman in Spain shields herself from the intense sun during the country’s first official heat wave. Credit: Jaime Reina/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images.
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